Date: Sat, 3 Jun 2023 07:44:53 +0300 Return-Path: support@newmuslims.com From: "NewMuslim.com Recommend Service" Message-ID: X-Priority: 3 X-Mailer: PHPMailer [version 1.73] X-Original-Sender-IP: 18.207.240.77 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="multipart/alternative"; boundary="b1_f201dacf19ec1e7123668adad900ca1c" --b1_f201dacf19ec1e7123668adad900ca1c Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="b2_f201dacf19ec1e7123668adad900ca1c" --b2_f201dacf19ec1e7123668adad900ca1c Content-Type: text/plain; charset = "iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Level 7 :: Lesson 19 Interest in Islam (part 1 of 2) Description: An introduction to the topic of ‘riba’ (interest). By Imam Mufti (© 2014 NewMuslims.com) Published on 10 Mar 2014 - Last modified on 25 Jun 2019 Printed: 427 - Emailed: 1 - Viewed: 15561 (daily average: 5) Category: Lessons > Islamic Lifestyle, Morals and Practices > Financial Transactions Objectives · To learn the effects of riba on an individual and society. · To learn the definition of riba. · To identify the two types of riba. · To appreciate that riba was forbidden in previous scriptures. · To learn about the prohibition of riba in the Quran. Arabic Terms · Hijrah - the act of migration from one place to another. In Islam, the Hijrah refers to the Muslims migrating from Mecca to Medina and also marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. · Riba - interest. · Riba an-Nasiah - “riba of delay”. · Riba al-Fadl - “riba of surplus”. · Shariah - Islamic Law. · Sunnah - The word Sunnah has several meanings depending on the area of study however the meaning is generally accepted to be, whatever was reported that the Prophet said, did, or approved. · Surah – chapter of the Quran. Interest is all about amassing more money without putting it at risk. That leads to an inequitable distribution of income. Interest puts the poor who fall into debt into a situation where they cannot advance socially or economically. Many times an individual simply cannot keep up with interest payments that one has to pay on his or her debt. Riba creates parasites in society and thereby the gap between the rich and poor keeps on widening. The major purpose of the prohibition of riba is to block the means that lead to accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few, whether they are banks or individuals. Take the US for example. The top 1% of Americans control 40% of the nation’s wealth. On an international level, consequences of interest are more devastating. The interest paid by governments of poor countries on debt is so great that they must sacrifice essential health and nutritional needs.Some African governments are forced to spend more on paying interest than they spend on health or education.[1]  In simple words, interest kills. Ken Livingston, Mayor of London, claimed that global capitalism kills more people each year than were killed by Adolf Hitler.He blamed the IMF and World Bank for deaths of millions due to their refusal to ease the debt burden.Susan George stated that every year since 1981 between 15 and 20 million people died unnecessarily due to debt burden “because Third World governments have had to cut back on clean water and health programs to meet their repayments.”[2] Additionally, as a whole, socio-economic and distributive justice, intergenerational equity, economic instability, and ecological destruction are also considered the basis of its prohibition.[3]  Prohibition of riba prevents hoarding, and leads to broad-based development. For more information, please refer to the following link: Why we are all in debt? Definition of Riba ‘Riba’ is the word used by Allah in the Quran and by Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of Allah be upon him, in the Sunnah. “The literal meaning of ‘riba’ is excess and in the terminology of Shariah, means an addition, however slight, over and above the principal of a loan or debt.”[4] Common examples involving riba are advancing money on interest, keeping deposits in a bank for earning interest, and interest paid on credit-card debt. The most common application of riba is on loans and credits. Example: A lender gives $1000 to a debtor with an agreement that the debtor will return $1200 on a specified date. The extra $200 is riba in Shariah. To be precise, riba in of two types, one from Quran (riba an-nasiah, “riba of delay”) and the other from Sunnah (riba al-fadl, "riba of surplus"). Types of Riba 1. Riba an-Nasiah (riba of delay): It is a delay (nasiah) in the settlement of debts or loans involving more money than the principal or in the settlement of one or both countervalues. This is riba accumulating over a loan. It is the more prevalent form of riba today and what we will discuss in this lesson. 2. Riba al-Fadl (riba of surplus) It is a surplus (fadl) in the amount of one countervalue over the other in barter transactions of specific commodities (non-monetary fungible items). We will not discuss it in these lessons. Riba Was Prohibited in Previous Revelations Islam is not the only religion that banned interest. The prohibition of interest is a well-known law in both the Old and the New Testaments of the Bible. Consider the following passages: “You shall not charge interest on loans to your brother, interest on money, interest on food, interest on anything that is lent for interest. You may charge a foreigner interest, but you may not charge your brother interest, that the Lord your God may bless you in all that you undertake in the land that you are entering to take possession of it.” (Deuteronomy 23:19-20) Also, see Exodus 22:25, Leviticus 25:37, Jeremiah 15:10, and Ezekiel 18:13. Early church councils forbade interest and Catholics banned it for a long time. Riba in the Quran There are several verses in the Quran that explain the prohibition of interest or riba. Two verses state that riba was prohibited to the People of the Book, in particular the Jews (4:160-161). Verses on interest were revealed to Prophet Muhammad throughout his mission. The first verse of the Quran on interest is considered to be in Surah ar-Room, 30:39 that was revealed in the 6th year of the prophethood in Mecca. Verse 3:130 was revealed in the 3rd year after the migration of Prophet Muhammad to Madina. Surah an-Nisa, 4:160-161 were revealed in the 5th year of Hijrah. Surah al-Baqarah, 2: 275-276 were revealed in the 9th year of Hijrah. Further explanation on this section is in the continuing lesson. Footnotes: [1] The Debt Threat, Noreena Hertz, p. 3 [2] Globalisation or Reconolisation?  The Muslim World in the 21st Century, Ali Mohammadi and Muhammad Ahsan, p. 38. [3] Understanding Islamic Finance, Muhammad Ayub, p. 54 [4] Understanding Islamic Finance, Muhammad Ayub, p. 52 The web address of this article:https://www.newmuslims.com/lessons/244/interest-in-islam-part-1/Copyright © 2011-2022 NewMuslims.com. All rights reserved. --b2_f201dacf19ec1e7123668adad900ca1c Content-Type: text/html; charset = "iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Interest in Islam (part 1 of 2)

Description: An introduction to the topic of ‘riba’ (interest).

By Imam Mufti (© 2014 NewMuslims.com)

Published on 10 Mar 2014 - Last modified on 25 Jun 2019

Printed: 427 - Emailed: 1 - Viewed: 15561 (daily average: 5)

Category: Lessons > Islamic Lifestyle, Morals and Practices > Financial Transactions

Objectives

·       To learn the effects of riba on an individual and society.

·       To learn the definition of riba.

·       To identify the two types of riba.

·       To appreciate that riba was forbidden in previous scriptures.

·       To learn about the prohibition of riba in the Quran.

Arabic Terms

·       Hijrah - the act of migration from one place to another. In Islam, the Hijrah refers to the Muslims migrating from Mecca to Medina and also marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

·       Riba - interest.

·       Riba an-Nasiah - “riba of delay”.

·       Riba al-Fadl - “riba of surplus”.

·       Shariah - Islamic Law.

·       Sunnah - The word Sunnah has several meanings depending on the area of study however the meaning is generally accepted to be, whatever was reported that the Prophet said, did, or approved.

·       Surah – chapter of the Quran.

InterestinIslam1.jpgInterest is all about amassing more money without putting it at risk. That leads to an inequitable distribution of income. Interest puts the poor who fall into debt into a situation where they cannot advance socially or economically. Many times an individual simply cannot keep up with interest payments that one has to pay on his or her debt. Riba creates parasites in society and thereby the gap between the rich and poor keeps on widening.

The major purpose of the prohibition of riba is to block the means that lead to accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few, whether they are banks or individuals. Take the US for example. The top 1% of Americans control 40% of the nation’s wealth.

On an international level, consequences of interest are more devastating. The interest paid by governments of poor countries on debt is so great that they must sacrifice essential health and nutritional needs. Some African governments are forced to spend more on paying interest than they spend on health or education.[1]  In simple words, interest kills. Ken Livingston, Mayor of London, claimed that global capitalism kills more people each year than were killed by Adolf Hitler. He blamed the IMF and World Bank for deaths of millions due to their refusal to ease the debt burden. Susan George stated that every year since 1981 between 15 and 20 million people died unnecessarily due to debt burden “because Third World governments have had to cut back on clean water and health programs to meet their repayments.”[2]

Additionally, as a whole, socio-economic and distributive justice, intergenerational equity, economic instability, and ecological destruction are also considered the basis of its prohibition.[3]  Prohibition of riba prevents hoarding, and leads to broad-based development. For more information, please refer to the following link:

Why we are all in debt?

Definition of Riba

‘Riba’ is the word used by Allah in the Quran and by Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of Allah be upon him, in the Sunnah. “The literal meaning of ‘riba’ is excess and in the terminology of Shariah, means an addition, however slight, over and above the principal of a loan or debt.”[4]

Common examples involving riba are advancing money on interest, keeping deposits in a bank for earning interest, and interest paid on credit-card debt.

The most common application of riba is on loans and credits. Example: A lender gives $1000 to a debtor with an agreement that the debtor will return $1200 on a specified date. The extra $200 is riba in Shariah.

To be precise, riba in of two types, one from Quran (riba an-nasiah, “riba of delay”) and the other from Sunnah (riba al-fadl, "riba of surplus").

Types of Riba

1. Riba an-Nasiah (riba of delay):

It is a delay (nasiah) in the settlement of debts or loans involving more money than the principal or in the settlement of one or both countervalues. This is riba accumulating over a loan. It is the more prevalent form of riba today and what we will discuss in this lesson.

2. Riba al-Fadl (riba of surplus)

It is a surplus (fadl) in the amount of one countervalue over the other in barter transactions of specific commodities (non-monetary fungible items). We will not discuss it in these lessons.

Riba Was Prohibited in Previous Revelations

Islam is not the only religion that banned interest. The prohibition of interest is a well-known law in both the Old and the New Testaments of the Bible. Consider the following passages:

“You shall not charge interest on loans to your brother, interest on money, interest on food, interest on anything that is lent for interest. You may charge a foreigner interest, but you may not charge your brother interest, that the Lord your God may bless you in all that you undertake in the land that you are entering to take possession of it.” (Deuteronomy 23:19-20)

Also, see Exodus 22:25, Leviticus 25:37, Jeremiah 15:10, and Ezekiel 18:13. Early church councils forbade interest and Catholics banned it for a long time.

Riba in the Quran

There are several verses in the Quran that explain the prohibition of interest or riba. Two verses state that riba was prohibited to the People of the Book, in particular the Jews (4:160-161).

Verses on interest were revealed to Prophet Muhammad throughout his mission. The first verse of the Quran on interest is considered to be in Surah ar-Room, 30:39 that was revealed in the 6th year of the prophethood in Mecca. Verse 3:130 was revealed in the 3rd year after the migration of Prophet Muhammad to Madina. Surah an-Nisa, 4:160-161 were revealed in the 5th year of Hijrah. Surah al-Baqarah, 2: 275-276 were revealed in the 9th year of Hijrah.

Further explanation on this section is in the continuing lesson.

 


Footnotes:

[1] The Debt Threat, Noreena Hertz, p. 3

[2] Globalisation or Reconolisation?  The Muslim World in the 21st Century, Ali Mohammadi and Muhammad Ahsan, p. 38.

[3] Understanding Islamic Finance, Muhammad Ayub, p. 54

[4] Understanding Islamic Finance, Muhammad Ayub, p. 52

The web address of this article:
https://www.newmuslims.com/lessons/244/interest-in-islam-part-1/
Copyright © 2011-2022 NewMuslims.com. All rights reserved.
--b2_f201dacf19ec1e7123668adad900ca1c-- --b1_f201dacf19ec1e7123668adad900ca1c Content-Type: image/jpeg; name="Interest_in_Islam_(part_1_of_2)._001.jpg" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-ID: Content-Disposition: inline; filename="Interest_in_Islam_(part_1_of_2)._001.jpg" /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEAeAB4AAD/2wBDAAIBAQIBAQICAgICAgICAwUDAwMDAwYEBAMFBwYHBwcG BwcICQsJCAgKCAcHCg0KCgsMDAwMBwkODw0MDgsMDAz/2wBDAQICAgMDAwYDAwYMCAcIDAwMDAwM DAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAz/wAARCAFeAV4DASIA AhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQA AAF9AQIDAAQRBRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3 ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWm p6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/8QAHwEA AwEBAQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtREAAgECBAQDBAcFBAQAAQJ3AAECAxEEBSEx BhJBUQdhcRMiMoEIFEKRobHBCSMzUvAVYnLRChYkNOEl8RcYGRomJygpKjU2Nzg5OkNERUZHSElK U1RVVldYWVpjZGVmZ2hpanN0dXZ3eHl6goOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3 uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4uPk5ebn6Onq8vP09fb3+Pn6/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwD9PKKK K9S5+VhRRRRcAoooouAUUUUXAKBRRRdgLnPel3YpuKUHmncBdxpVNMHNL0I7UXYDweaTdSDg80N8 wouwHZ4ozzTcNinHpRdgGaKD1oouwCijvRRdgFFFFPmYBRRRRzMAoooo5gCiiijmAKKKKOYAoooo 5gCiiijmAKKKKOYAoooo5gCiiijmHZhRShacowKOYpQbIKKeFpcVnzD5CMjFGKkC5FAGaOYOQjPS gjFShM0FeaOYOQixSgZp5Wnbef50cwchDilxUvl80FM0cwezIyKMYqXaBSbKOYPZkYG2jbuqbbSb aOYPZkQ+9S96fsFKFwaOYOQZmg0/bRto5g5BlFSFc0BcUcwezI8UVJijGKOYfIMKYNBTFPoo5h8q G7KNlOoo5g5UN2Um36U+ijmDlQ0JSbeKfRRzByoYFyaNtPoo5g5UMxil206ijmHyobso2U6ijmHy obspQmKWijmDliN2Uu3NLRRzD0ECYpdvNFFPmHoFFFFFx3RHmiiisuYgKUdRSUUcwATmnZ+X/wCv TaKOYB27Io3Yz9abRRzASA5oqPPFFHMBJmgHNNHakDYo5gH0Um7FAPPWjmAWigHNGaOYAoozRmjm AKKKKfMAUUUUwCiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAoooouAUUUUroAFFFFF0AUUUUXQBRRRRdAFHaijtTu Ap4pRx6fnTc0bjRcCMnFFRl/ek8361ldAS0VHvpd3NHMA+io9/vSh+KOZAPopoko38UXQDqKbvo3 80XAdmgHFN30b6dwHUU3fRvoAeGwaXfTN4pd1ADs80Z5puaKAH7uKXPFR5pynmgB1FND4oDUAOoz SBs0jHitLgOzRmmZoLc0APozUZOaM1PMBJQOlR0u7ipAfRmo91KWoAfRmmq1G6gB1FNLUbsUAOop u7ml3UALRSb+KTfmgB1FJupQc0AFFFFAFOiiiswAHFLupKKADNLupKKAHZ4pM4pKKAHhsmjdzTAc UZoAeGyaM80zNOoAdQDmmqSTRn1oAdnNFNzilJoAWnB8VGGoyaLgTBs0VCH5pwk96pSAkopofml3 VQC0U0tSbjQA/OKQNmmZooAk3UZqPNBfigCTNG6ot/FKG5qeYB2/ijzKaDmjNK4Dt/NHmU2ii7Ad 5lG+m5oouwHb6PMptFFwHeZRvptFPmYDt9OVqjoo5gJg+BQHzUOacG4o5gIgOaXZSA5NODZrPmAT ZRsoyGpQ2TRzMBNlGynUZo5gGlKNlOzRRzANCUBadRRzAN2Uuyloo5gGhcGjZTqKOYBuzBoKZNOo o5gGlcU3OKkoIzRzAR0U/YKQpVXAbmnByKbtNHSi4DvMo302inzMB2+m7qM0dKLsAzmiigLmkAUd qXYaUJxQA3NODe1KFxS7c0ANOP8APehW4pSuaVRgUANDYpQ2aGXdQFoATdk0FsGlIx0pAvFAAfej J2/yoK5oKYHWgBRxxS0zJFL2/CgB1FIOBS5oAjozTd/NG/iswHbuKKaG4o30AOozSBs0u6gBS2aN 1N3CjdQA9XxRv5pucUUAO3UBsCm0ZoAeGpA2TTaKAJM0hbFMooAk3Um6mUA4NAEhOKAc1HupdxoA fnmiowcU7fQA7FGKYGxS76LgOxQOBTd9AegB1HSmh80b6AHUUm/ijdzQAtFJvpN2TQA6im7qN9AD qKQNxSB+aAHUUgbJoLYFAC0Um4UoOaACijPNFF2AUdKKAcU+ZgVAxo3HNJmgHNZAG40u40lFADt9 HmU2igB2/mjfTaKAHb+KA9NooAdup1R5ozQBJuzQDUecUZoAk3YoL471HmjPNAEm6gtUeaCc0ASZ pQ2Kj3cUbqAJd5o31HvIpQ1FwHh6C+aj3A0Fvmp3AkD0b6YD70ueafMwHb+KN/FMDZFLmjmYDw9I HpucUZo5mA4vS780w0UczAeHxS7qjoo5mA/cKN9Moo5gJCaN/vUdFHMBJRmo6KOYCWjPHpUW6l3Z o5gJd9OBzUAbBpd9HMBVEyjvQJ1z1qDbQVxX5x/rhi/5I/j/AJn0H9j0+7/Asecp/io85R/FUATN G3mn/rfi/wCSP4/5h/Y9PuyfzlP8VL5y/wB6q+2jZml/rdjP5I/j/mP+yKfdljzl/vUeev8Aeqv5 dGyn/rfi/wCSP4/5i/sen3ZY85f71HnL/equE4pdgpf634v+SP4/5h/Y9Puyfzl/vUecv96oNlGz mn/rhi/5I/j/AJj/ALHp92T+cv8Aeo85f71V9lGyj/XDF/yR/H/MP7Hp92WPOX+9R5y/3qgC4oKZ o/1wxf8AJH8f8w/sen3ZP5y/3qPOX+9VfZTgMUf634v+SP4/5h/Y9Puybz1/vUecv96ocYopf63Y v+SP4/5i/sen3ZN5y/3qPOT+8KhxRin/AK34v+SP4/5j/sen3ZMZl/vCgTJ/eqHFAFH+t2L/AJI/ j/mH9j0+7J/OX+9QJV9agoo/1uxn8kfx/wAw/sen3ZYWVf71Hmp/eqvRij/W7F/yR/H/ADD+x6fd ljzk/vUCVQfvVXoo/wBbsX/JH8f8xf2PT7sseev96lEyj+Kq1FH+t2L/AJI/j/mP+x6fdlnzl/vC jz1/vVWoo/1uxn8kfx/zF/Y9Puy15y/3qPOX+9VWjrR/rdi/5I/j/mP+x6fdlrzl/vUecv8AeqqR iij/AFuxf8kfx/zD+x6fdlrz1/vUecv96qtAFH+t2L/kj+P+Y/7Hp92WvOX+9R5y/wB6qtKBzVf6 3Yv+SP4/5h/Y9Puyz56/3qBMh/iFVh0pSPlo/wBbsX/JH8f8w/sel/MxgTFKKKK+VPWDpRRR0oAK KKKACigDIoAyKACilAzQVoASinbKNmaAG0U7ZRs4oAbRTyuaQpxQA3HNGOadspxGTQBGBmlC5p+K BwKAGbDSheaUrmlAwKAGbaUrinUUAM60uynYzQBgUAMxg80bafRQA0rmk2Gn0U7MBu2jZTqKLMLj fLo25NOooswuNK0AYp1AGKLMV0NIyelIBmn0baLMOYaUyaOlOop8ouYaFpwGBRRRyhzDQMD/AOvT gPaiijlDmG+XQEp1FUTcNuKMUUUAAGKNtFFABijpRRQAYzRjFGM0UAFFFKFoASinbKTbk0AJRTtt GM0ANop23FG3igBtFPK0hTNADcUYp4GKAuDQAzFFSYoxQBH2oxmnkYpQMUAR0U8jIpcc0AR0YqTF GKAI8cUU9hxRt5oAZ1oqTFJtoAZjiinFeKNlADaKcFyPSjZQA2inbKAuRQA2il280uMrxQA2jFOx zR92gBtFOA7cUbKAG0U4Lil2/WgBgFOxmlxzSYx2oANvFATNOxRQAgXApAM9adRigBqjBoxg06ig AJwKKKKACiiinZgFFFFIAooooAKKKM0AFFJvpPMGaAHUUm7pweenvSg5FABRRQBk1XKAUUEYoo5Q CiilxRygJRQeKKOUAoooo5QCjFFFHKAUUUU7AFFFFMAooooAKKKKVgCiiinYAooooAKKKKACiiig AooooAKKKKACiiigAJxSbuK0NGnsEuWhuE8yRlDL8p9MkDGenp19j2l8UeI9J8B+Hb7WLi3iOm2M PnzXJXzI1XOOi7mPY8KQM9ete5RyKrOkq0pJK1/RfI9CjltWryqO72Rlbue9S29lcXrbYYZJD6Ba o+CvjL4i1i8hvF8K+X4XuoxPFdLPDDJ5TLlWAaUZB4PzBOD0zXc+APidpXxR0OW/0qb7Rb29w9rK SuCkq4LL3Bxkcgkc1vh8hpVWr1X6ctr+au9UeliOHK1CPPOSa0vytOzfR2ej9UYEPhHUp5Nv2fy/ UuwXFaNp8OJnH766hj9kBb/Cup8zd/8AXozz0r16XDmEi/evL1f+VjnjgKS31Mux+H+m28f73zbi QjqzbR+Q/wAami8IaPaqzSQxxY/jkkbap7ZycYrR60jDNehHLcLFWVOP3J/mdUaNKP2UZ1xYvPbC OaPTr+1t3+VYG2tEDznAGOevWsrxB4GVLf7Tpu+RB96E8sg9QT1+nWvLv2pP2Sda+M+qf2lofi7U LG4m2rPpl9eSnTnVVC7kVcmM4GSApBP93qfA/gJ4c+L3wJ+IV5/YvhXUGmj/AHNzbyp/oN2AQeZW YIfUMrEj1xkH3/8AVPAZhhHJVVzpJ2aUWru1uZvW3XRq34c+MlGpP+HZeX/DH1ORg47+lArc/wCE qt/Eeh2UniTSbnw7rE/7vy/OinRG9PMRiu0nIUNgkjAFZt/pE+mrulUbScBlbK/nX5dmWTVsJOSu pRXVa29bX/NrzOHEZdXpR9o4vlfWxXHX+tDLimg4p27NeOcIBcmjGKAQO9Hyk0ACjFIFy1OzijNA DcZoxgdKUcmhhQA2gDIpxWlUYFADSOKSndBRt4oAbRTguRQRtP8AhQOzG0o680maKC4xCim76C+K CeUdRSB80bqA5WLRSF8UueKBcrCijNFAWYUUUh5BoELRTQcAUgOBQA+imbuKTOaAJM4oG3dyePao 6C2DQgJ9RsILx1kVltzGMJMuRtPUb1zyM9xgj161PoOtzaVcNaXSRxyOAWC4ZZh03jHJBAx0zwAR mq7o8DLJjYzYwwPyv9fQ06XbdJJDJCrxMR5kMnAb/aBHKn3Hp1B6folF8sVy6aH1tOK5EjP8dfCX S4LX+1ND8M+GbiQZeWJ9LSSWUk/eGCASMk/MCeSfauV0f406p4PEZe+txZwxlXs2tYmhVQxJMaQK kiYUct+8AzkqMDOhq+rSaRdeZ5sU9tbuV278SRDpiUfkNw9iABkVH4r8F2PxNhjk8xrW7hQ7JUCM swxkqcjJCkexGfQ4rOpTd+aj7r7bXPfw0oypqOJd1562+89F+HXxm0X4neF49V0uZpoydkqCKRfL k2hiAXVSRgjDYGQegrXfxbkbY4M+jM3X8BXkfg34LaTolzZ/brf7VNZ3X2y2aSaYos+SxmEe7y9x LNztDZJPfNfF3/BSn/gopr1h4vuvh34HvtS8OR6LcSWmtX8bLHPdSAjEUTr80aLggsCGY5HCjLdV PEVIwvWWvkcFbDYaM/3bbXn/AFqfon4v+MWmeAbA3WuappOk24/iuphFnsMZPzEnsBXm+u/t5+Cb G6EMGpX2pPk/LZWbDGBn70mwH8Ca/Hv4a+I5ZtRdri4mmkupVeSSRizSMcEsST3565PNfRngbWox cQRq5ZtpbAzyoIHbHqPyqXjJNXWmxKo009j7gn/b00WYrt0bWpOfm8wxDHv98/1py/t7aPalPM0P VNrsEyJYyACMk9e34V8uxSxloVa33GYkqwx8uMHnmn3WpqL3y1hkEkT7HxGpZslR0z0yc568fnl9 aalZvb/L/LUfs1bQ+tov2vfAPjSzjtNUt9Vt47rJVbuz3qh5J+ZC2PXOOxrq/DHxIstfu0tdC1Gz 8U2kp8tLNZV+2IOAGy7AsAM9QSSRyAK+Kk0ab+0YLrDBY42WX5zmQHngDjr/AF46mpEtGTd+83Lt xtAJAPGTW87Sv3/r+tbmmFrTiuR+9Hs9v+B6qx+hlz8ENSvYFmt0W1Zhv8m4cbh7cZHt1rjLuzm0 +4aGeOSKaM4ZWXBU18Y6f4t17T9Gm0+z8RavZ2jXLMIbK7kt0RjwSQHw5+VQTjPHGK9a+CH7GPxU 1Cx03xroPi7wqbfUI/MxfahdOJFyQUlUQkEg578EZBzzXx+b4OoqqeHotp7tPT7unyZ81muXzpz5 oR0fb/Loe4UobFT6p4avPCfh+zuNWv8ARJruZxDMumzvPGshOOCVB2k469ziq+cen4V5VahUpO1S LT8zyJUpxdpKwu6kzzRmjNZE8o7r60EU3dmjNAco8/NSA802igrlDOaXdSUUFcqFLZFJRRQUFBbF IzYphOaACik30Bs0ALRmiigAoozzRmgAzRuoooCwu40bqSjPNArIM5FG7FBOBTSc0C5UKWxSbsf/ AK6aTk0E4oDlQ4vmobifYppzNkVXueQfYVMnZFRirnOp8Qb7wvq7R3xW50eWQ7m2/vYM9MHoQPpn k8nv2haC8s47q1kE9tIAySIentmuJ1iDe7ZXcD1BrJ0vU77wTqLXGnjzLWTme3J4b1I9/wCeMe9R lPFFTCVPYYxuUL6S6x/zX4rzPoMPUvFHSXtxHPrTq33wSqyDIDDuMfzH41J4c0WRdct7WLyY/tkq jyy21GXIBaM5ypXOcds8Hsc+11W18VzyzWbeZIxPmwYIZT3GP8/jW94Iu2stctEYeZC08f3hnHzd /wDGv0WjUjUh7Sm009U1se1Ul+7Vux237Vn7TOg/sh2Giw2vhqHVtU1cSSQQ71iEaxbR5hcqxPzM MAc8HkcV+Q37dXg29+PHxY1j4h6Ho8NtqGuSm51DTYpty+ZtUGSLcBycZZe7dOuB91f8FdJWtfiV 4Pblv+JbMcA9P3o5/wA+lezfBT4qaD+zH+xn8OdSbTYrrVvGF7b6fH5WyF7u4nMsxaR26iOGORuv SMKvJFfJUcwx2JzSeGjUUYwto1dPbTo9b330Pl6dStLEuMHsfgtaa/daD4khhuIntbmFwjxyKY2Q /L1GMjt79K+gPhp46kvtStVMmW8pjuUbjnK5FfrZ+0Rr+o/HLwlNofk+Fb7T7gGK70+/0pLySUMM ZQysyBhk87e+QeBX57+LP2G9L0H4gCOzsNe01rhyFRIWt0IDfMqCbCP3I8tsYVuvb6DGVfq+tS9t NUv+HZ9fgctrYhXjZNJ6N2f4q34l7w5q7XctkrNMyOWJBk2knH/161YC0ev3Slpm3TLkh+EGcYGe Onb1HUU/Qv2VNW02OO4tbhpLr5kW3mCERJkffcNgk46IDjGK7a2/ZY12OCGa5Nuu1g4R1dV8zPHz kDcvJ429cdCM1z/XIWdRytHXV3XTzNZZbXj7rjr6x737mXcW7He25ugO1hlSec/5NQXVuLmxmjkK 7XQoeM7c9/T9K9Jf9mi7mtdtvrljHJ1IktyNp69VY/41zPi/4Y6z8PpsXD2t9DdMY0dDtWUnJK84 2tjJGeOODkjPRXzKnSp+0l8PfS35mmByurOXK2k/M4/wF4N17xn4tt7fT/tC2bQoWeQF44xgfNvy QN2MYI7ZAycV9i+DPhlouj21jFZ6lrF82mg+TbTuDAgOScREYAJJPHc5968B8G/EC4j8N3TafN9j mtWaMrcwlrcSdNuAMqfVhgD+JR96nrceIb/w5JqWq+OJbDSISPPFhAfMjy20AFVVvvYHQ15c82do qgm09eZWaVredut9tls+n0EsualaUlFrTbf5W1+/U+h/F/7Quh/DDXIdJ1q+ayklgWeN3sppIdpJ UDeqlQ3HQkYqpovxM8M/EHUZo9F1rSb+4QGSSG1uFaSMZ6mMHcBn2FeI+GfC/g7xTqRe30LxT4/v oyI1vJ71re3J/ul2KnPOcEd677wvD4z8BeYnh34QeHdGRhtZ/wC2IEklGf45EUsx92zz3rqjiKmJ 0xKUodOWMpP70rL5GWLyPLp0fZ8t5W3lKEVfuk3zHoTq0X3v4uhHQ/Sm9K838R/tZTfCrUbOD4ke Ebjwfb6kzpaXttfRalbyldpfcqASKBuX+Fs7q9K0FP8AhMtKsdR0cSXljqcKXFrIqELLHIodGGQM AqR97HXHWvNrZam39VblbeLVpL5Ozf3HwmbcK18LD21L3ofJ/inZ/LXyDdRvou7abTrgxXEUkUi9 VZeRTc15UouLs9z5UcXo3802ipAdvoL02igB2+m5ooJxQAZzRmml6aTmgAozSbhQG4oAWik3c0ua ACgHmgHNFAC7zS7zTQc0UAO3mkLZFJRQAZooooAKYxyacTimUAFRyjJb6VJUTHDZqZbAtzH1O23A 1kXMG2umuoM7u9Zl3Z5J4/SvBxmG5tUelh6ttDj7qxk0rUvt9m3l3KZOCfkcejAYz+dd/wDBXxFH 488Vafa3Ef2PUI7qESJj5XG7qPy/Dv61z9zY89KTSvDUd3q1vLHJLa3EDho5oG8uWP8A3WHIqMnz vEZbU5VeVN3vH9V2f4P8T1o1vdscT/wV7lA+MnheDP8Aq9GZiPrPJ/8AE11njr4azeNf2UP2dZI9 QuLNdF1m31OSOKR4zdqNNvx5RK9QS4JByCAQeteY/wDBRaTWfE3jnRdYvYJru1s9KFjLcAg+Xskd lkYDkbg/JxgbTXs/xWul8P8AwI/Zv0v7tzd3MU6bYfMXamiXm5icYX5pFG7jrjvX0nDuIjiM1rVq e1l+m55uBi/rjv5foU0vGtL1Jo/MZLYgbnH72H1U46j8wQRz67l/Fp/xP0P+zdWj3IT5kUsb7drD oyk5+bGeDnHXtkYsE8N5uWRVt7hhgSAY6HGCe49icY/Omz2k0AXcscMxcgY/1cpxnjuDxkZ544zX 3/Nunsz9Gpxi4JbNbdzV0n4tR/BHX5NH1TRZr7TYYRLa6ra2IjlcZ6Sk4R2X7pYEEYBKnOayL/8A br0fxfatHp+mljCx3LcSMzHGB8yRgkLkkEk8EY561reFtRm1S6isby3a5tZn3/6REZRCR1OTkMB1 Pdc49hx3jj9h++0vxj/bfhO8027t5o+YryHzZIWBC7Vfeu5QvAzyOAezLhiqdapS5IJSg900tv1O KVHAwq3xDtLo7v8ApGN4i+Ks2syzXFrH/Z0c3zf6OA0IPPpvZe3BArjRrWpa0kUeqahD/ZtsAwuZ omZHbGCGK5jLZz/ER2xxz6do37Mt7Jcq+uXbB8lZPs7x26sOcYKqZABnIO88g5zw1dLqHhHwH8KN Ca38WeJtNaFCfNimm8+WUsecxksxB6/dJB7kZz50svm4NTtGPnZL5rax2/2ph6NuX3vTV/Js8l0j T7Pw5FNDZrfa1LqBMrP5f/HyxDA8AYwcg5zwQM5ziuz0L9nLWvF3hufTrjT76NL4hp5pALfLAhgV 3dOnYGvSvh5+0B8PdI0qax0O81OT7Em/7ONFuoJFGduAGhQDBGPaue8Zft0Dw1Gu7wdq1iGxiTVL uC3VQem5Y2kZR164weOtdtDB4VRtKadlqlsr999+nc8nEZ5VbvTjbzfW3bYs+BP2YPFHgDQ0sdP1 7SzaxOzwwXls88kRZix/eRsgxuJPKk89egHTX/w9+J2u7ox4u8L6EG4E1hosk0yj286Ur+leT2/7 XfiD40a3bab4b1vRtLU8TzaZZTawyn+6G2BAfxwMZJ6iui0DwV4ymvftkTfEPULpULl7vVnsYJmY k4MDSKqLhjgKMjABHeuqjTpv3aMZW9WvwvzfcrHnyzivKV5Wb3+C/wCLVvxbDW/2CvCGparDrHxE 8Y+IvFF0hyzapew29swHVVXblFPHEbjtXpVz8fPAHw/8Px21trWl/Y9Jt1ggtdPYTlI0UKqIqZHA AUfgB1FeTeL/AIIaTc3EN140uvCemanITJt1CRbq7k46KSdxxxyvtVnSvDvwr8P2i/214mvBHYKJ I7RIZtNjl2BiFGVUy53Hq+D8ufurjTC4dUZylSgoJ9Xq363af3nPi80xGKUY4ibko7LZL0SVjrrz 42TfGGw8vRdL0ux+6tvLrU7JO7MTwsMfI6cgt1I4ODVXw9d3l8PJkgmvpIy6yXlpaSCzJUkFQ/zD I6deoPSvMfCv7U/hGz8QalJp3gbTYdL3Ab7q8mlmuSM8ukcEsY7/AHnPU89aPFH/AAUfvrXdo+gW ljb/AGhDHDDp6K09vu/u4Mgbk5x5QOe2ayxmAw+ISdWXvW3W/wCmn3/gePWw6k238v66nr4el381 yvwu8T3WveCNNutQjvIb25i8yZboyeduJOd3mfNXTJKr96+GrUnTm4PoeS9HYfuNG40lG6sgF3Gk ppfik3GgB5OBTGbdSZpCwqXIBaKj3UbjVASUU3eaA9ADs0Zpu+jfzQA4HFLupm/ml30AO3cUbqTd RmgB2+kLZpN1G6gBd2aQnJoozigAqNhx+tO302pkBHONy1Tmi3VoMuVqvLHh646kbm0ZGXcW26pt Ethb3W6p5YKIl2V5tbCpu52U6pk/FTw7b+LofKuFWRXQxspGcg8Efj0qt4it5fAfh3wLDJLHeaP4 fhudPiSQYktUmWIq6tg52eT5YGB8sh5+XDbN2nnyru5waZ4p23+jRxSKHVOgIzXFg61fA4l4qi7P 8H5NHZh5WmpIzEtVu7NbiF1kik+YFf4e4P8Anipo7lZIhb3CRyRsNo3fdJz09vrkc1zNncXHhS+3 QbpLFj+8g6hR3Kjt1PHQ+mea6jzbXxBbmS1ljk24DBTkDjv3H0PNfp+S59QzCF4+7Nbxf5ruv6Z9 th8VGokupveGvD80cMTpcNNBvJeORT5keOAVOc7h/eGCB1Dd/Gv2nP2gPHXhWZfD+nWepeEbea9j Ka9bXdvIl7D5Um5YkcEo4bbwQwIGAein23wJN9mRvtBkC7iMgcoQAAR6+ntnjPAr5y/ar+Gmo3ni 9bddNuvGVtfaqk0WiapqUUlpMER8PbJc5jV1LMGC43ZwcV7lS/Koq6v2/r8j57MJN1pN7+n+Rzf7 MmpeKP2ifE2sR/8ACRfaodOlKytrPim7imnCgEyRCOERvHz1Q/Kc5AyCfZPAHwMsYrq4+weJvh/H dX/72PURZnUp/Lz9xJDcIu3jnHXHNUfhzo/iDRvgh4wt5/hhp/hW3juWZ9LttOjmlv5mVEM4gQNF yoRS2GUFScjBUfKk/hXWLLVdreHdN8PTqTh9RPlYHfCYRV+gf8O4KkaOl49/J/fv97OOMpLRu/rq vubsvkfXXifw9ovw5v4Zdd+IWpeIpY2Z/sGiQxWkLKf+ejzTsuQQeDIBgj5eMlZ/2jPhlCi7/B9t qU5xiFsTzMAMf3DGeOwavlC88PQlP+Jx4ws492P3Ni6ZHsDEHP4GQUq+JvDdjY/Y42utRiYYKXkx kjP1jZpDTp8sL+zjv6v8xySk7v8AI+m5v+Chek+ALp7bR/CejaTbMA3kvcJbzsemTFGu48AdjXOe LP27PHHjW1mi0nTbiyhn5jl8owRqOo/eyGNsf8AOa8H0bX2tWZdD8O3X+3Hp9myj6+Zg/qtbWneG viB4kgaax8J3cMKDcbq6t5JNo/2t2Ij9SP1rpi6rVnp/XkS11NyLxprl4szapqsGnySHc8emSf60 nvIqIgc++/uaxE8NalfzNMslw2nlsrNFZLD+JmmMoU+/GOtWNF+Eurapctdap420DQ/K4Y/2nBaN Ge+FDKf++c1qXfhL4a6K3na54y1HxJcD/WJZQSXAlPfEkpU8+o3fjUcsd5P+vxZLMidfDenFf7Su tNupl4UX19Lq8mO+ETMP8q1PDXia38QX66fp+qX1jp8nyiGGwSyjk9lVGIGeeSPwpf8Ahb/gTw5F 5fh/4f2N2y9JdYuTMreh2RhPybNa/g34q33i+9lVtN0HTbRVwsVlpUMIjJ/2wm782rCpOL+H+vv/ AMjjxVTkpuS6I9P8D+I4fD1hDYw+cIYV2p5spdsfXAru9J8UrcRrg/rXi6T/AP1ua1tE1W8ilVY/ OZfbNfP4rCqTcj5eniG3dnt1vqSzDFWFbcK43w5c3UijcJB+ddNZFynOfxrxakOVnbGVy0XxQXyK bnNFYuRY7dlqbSFsUwnNSA7fS7vp+dMooAcr5p2ajooAeWxS54qOgHFAElFRk5oouBJRnimbzRv5 ouA+iml80b6LgOopu7ijdRdgOprNgUhbNJQA9GyKSTk0idaHPzVjPctbEWMGl8vIp5XNNB2msZRN IsheHOao6rEXhxWo65FU7tNy1xVqN0dNGpZnJ3UZDMv86pwwyaZqAu7Xasn3XVhxIuensc4wfX1H Fb2oWYYn5azJYNh9K8JqpQqKpTdpJ6M9yhiNmj0H4b+K7fxFoSQzBUuIXPnR7txTk4OcDrkcjjt1 BA+Y/j38SbjSfi/f3Vh/aUMdlq1vaQzXVybdbKZtqvNCMMDyE+UjkE5+Rjn1y1L295HdQlobqL7s i9QPQ+o9jwcmuFi+G9r8WviJoOleIrWS4tzrDX0wWaWDzsLwA6MDyRyh4I49x+jZPxNHFqnh8U7V O/SXb0fdbduxE6nNJtnqXi74V+I/H2iWerX2raP4V1a6sEsdUuLNZLhrh1JO2Nw0beW2N2wAYyRz 1r5V8Zfsv6f4c1WUah8RdJaPd98xE3DN/tRF2k6Z52mvoD9sDwToniHVbW3j8XaB4b+w2qJNa317 PEkseW2NFErhX/iBBXIxzxivjrxha6P4ZeSWPxILuxztMog+zwsfo+D+OK+yqVox3tp53ZKZ0Mvg 7wB4djeOfVta1+5X5lFvai3g/ESMH/ER46c1q6T8YfB3hWzP2XwPZyXy8K9xf+bbk+6mPf8AkRXl cPivQ72AyW08F9GpwRDOZ2B9hFzn221BZ6xqmofudH8K+IL124WVrI2q/i0nzD8I68+tnVCkr1Ki X3f8Fj513PYL79q/xNNbKul2el6NHGeBaWSsE+jy73H4MPwrk/E/xG8ReMGMmsaxfXSudw8+6Zlz /sknj6Bvasex+E/xI8XIv+h22hovAYI81wv/AAM7R+BQ12nhn9lDV7i0VNU1m7kMg/ePGEt5Cf8A fjVWH514OK4ywMX8Tl6a/m1+Rm6i7HCXd7FZL9onufLh/ilfEfHbLMQpH41kJ8RNJ+0ssLT6kc/I llE85b6PtEX/AI/ivdtD/Yu8I2Vws95aTajcf89LmeSZ/wDvp2JrutH+Cvh3R1XyNKt12gAZyf61 4GK46urUaf3v9FYzcmz5h0K48S+ILzFv4dlhtSQd0sqxyn6qFkT8iK+gv2ffhTrN5pMv2lFt/MfK gksVHPXp+gA9q7/T/DdpZf6q3hj/AN1a7Lwcq2ZXHH0rkwPFGNqV7Sa5e1l+dr/iceMpKdPlkZmk fAtopQ1xdBh3AT/69ddpXgez0qMKBuI74rUjm3r1pdxr6CpjJ1NWzx40Yx2QsUEcA+VAKk31HvpQ 2a5m7mg7dk0FuKaWpNxakA7NAG6kUYpc4rKUr7DURm7mlBxTc5orUQ7fzRvptFADy+KXdxUdFADy 2KUNmo6KAJKM1HRmgCSio880bqAJKKjzS7jQA8nFJu4pmaBQBKnJpCeaE4FFYyepa2CkZdwpaCcC pGRh8VHMtOlGGpCdwrKUehon1M67hzurNubTNbcybhVSeGuDEYdSR2UazRivGYhWaLOK6v181Fba c57qexHuK3bq35NZbwbJM14tag0zo9pc88+OXwMtvi74nXUNU1TVPMECQEwtHG8qr0LSbN5PbO4E 45yck+e2X7D/AILs9R+1TWlxfTdA13M07fmxJ/WvoC8+fGaoyQqOlc+Jx2KqO06kmvNtmlzg9B+C ug+H4VW30+CNV6YWukttAhtB+7ijTtwK1GTBpGXPauGze5VystmoHb6VIluB6flUyRMakSyLGtI0 WyXJFdVVTUgXjpVyLTcip4tM5FdEcLJmftEUYIGc1t6PGyFO3NMgsFTtWnYWoXb616mDwrjLmOet UujWsGwfwq0RVe0XDVaQ19JTdkefIbS7c0+itXInlG7KcBgUE4ppeocmyrCs2KRmzSM3FRPLg8VI B1oqTpRVczJ5RinFLk5p2KMUczFysbvo3cU7FGKfOw5WNDUb+adRijnYcrG7uadnFFBGaftGHKwL YFAOaMcUAYo5xcrAnFGaKKPaD5WHWnKuabnFKGwKnmbHyj+lBODUdGakocXoZ802igBH5FRlsGny dKhJzUyKiLIKglX1qbO6myLkVlKJRn3MOeRWfNBkVrSptNV57fK5FcVaimbwqGHdWpJqpJaMTW7J B7VCbdc9K8upgrs3VaxkpYc9Kmj03itJYMU5YM1dPBJEuq2UksMVKlptFXktOKkS0UGuuOGSM3UK S2/tUqWbNVxYlXtTgK6I0kjN1CGK12GrlvFgbqSKHNTgYFdFONjNyuSW/wB6rA61Xi4NWAc10RJl uO3mmk5ooJxVEhQW2imNJimM5alcpRFeXPSmZxQTgVGTmoKLAODRmjdQTxWhmKGIpS9M3UoOaAHB 6A9NooAdvo302igB+6lzUdG40ASZoBzUe6jNAEmcUZqOgNigCTNG6oyc0ZoAkzSbqZmjOKAHb6C+ KjMlIzbjSuVyiu+abRTS2BU3KBnwaU/MtMJyaA200gEcZWqzpirTHJqOROKzaAqtGHpn2UVYaLFM 6Vi4ormZGtuoFSBdtAGacsRNPlJuxtKFNSiIAU4DFXygRrDkc1IkdOVc04DFUAKMCjvRniiqiSu4 9GqRJMVCpxT88VdyiTzRtppfNMY4FIXwafMwsOprNimls0VIAacEzQFx1oZsVLkS5B5lHmVDnmjc a05mPlRN5lHnZFRbjS7jijmDlRKJKN+KiDYanE4FHMHKh+8Cl82oyaTNHMHKS+bR51RBuaUnBo5g 5Sbzlo84VDRRzC5SXzhR5wqKijmHykhmoM1R0UczCyHb80B6bRSuxjt9NJzRRSABRRQTigAppOP4 qC+aQctQA/tR1oHFFZiRHSbKdt/SkoGG2iiigAAyacBzQG5p1BLYUUUUEikfJTRx+NP3E/ypNmc+ 1UmVFiUUH5SfzpAcrVFC5ooUEmnFMCgBoGacPloLbTTScmpbIbFJzTGbBoZsGonk5qbjSP/Z --b1_f201dacf19ec1e7123668adad900ca1c--